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〜て/〜くて/〜で

JLPT N4

Pattern

Explanation

Used to express cause or reason, often for emotions, states, or perceptions. More commonly linked to feelings than 〜から or 〜ので, and often paired with words like 困る or 寂しい. Frequently used before expressions of impossibility or polite set phrases like すみません and ありがとう. Cannot be used before sentences expressing hope, intention, or suggestions.

Usage

Connects clauses to show the reason for an emotion or a result, particularly in informal or everyday speech. Common for explaining why a certain emotional or situational state occurred.

Formation

Attach て to verbs, くて to i-adjectives, で to na-adjectives and nouns. For negatives, use なくて.

Examples

時間がなくて、宿題を終わらせられませんでした。

じかんがなくて、しゅくだいをおわらせられませんでした。

I couldn’t finish my homework because I didn’t have time.

道が混んでい、会議に遅れました。

みちがこんでいて、かいぎにおくれました。

Because the road was crowded, I was late for the meeting.

友達が優しくて、とても助かりました。

ともだちがやさしくて、とてもたすかりました。

My friend was kind, so it really helped me.

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